Tissue-Specific Reference Genes in Rats: Insights into Cardiac, Muscular, and Skeletal Systems

Abstract

Correct normalization in mRNA expression studies depends on selecting stable reference genes. This review reveals reference gene suggestions among cardiac, muscle, and bone tissues in rat models under normal and various experimental conditions. Studies reported between 2000-2024 show that male rats were used more frequently and focused on Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. As a result of the studies, it has been proven that frequently used reference genes (such as GAPDH and ACTB) have limitations. Advanced algorithms such as geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper determine the concept of stability and are freely available to users. Studies emphasize the importance of regional and temporal factors in reference gene selection. Moreover, gender and developmental stage differences have often been overlooked, and there is still a gap in the literature in this sense. This review underlines the critical role of reference genes in ensuring reliability and reproducibility in RT-PCR studies. It will contribute to the stability and selection of reference genes for normalization in different disease models. Synthesizing the findings from 12 pioneering studies will contribute to the accurate interpretation of gene expression in mRNA expression studies by providing existing data for selecting robust reference genes for specific tissues and experimental conditions.