Identification of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer compounds targeting the NF-κB-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway from a phytochemical library of the <i>Sideritis genus</i>

Abstract

Ethnobotanical relevance: For centuries, the aerial parts of Sideritis species have been known for their medicinal properties as herbal teas. Although the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the genus have been widely documented, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be sufficiently clarified. Aim of the study: We investigated the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of phytochemicals of the Sideritis genus. Material and methods: Through literature mining, a chemical library containing 657 components of the Sideritis genus was formed. We studied these compounds for binding to NLRP3 and NF-kappa B proteins in silico by virtual drug screening and molecular docking, and in vitro by microscale thermophoresis (MST). Liquid chromatographyhigh-resolution mass spectrometry analysis (LC-HRMS) was performed in the Sideritis extracts. One of the identified compounds, verbascoside, was investigated for its cytotoxic activity by mining a panel of 49 tumor cell lines in the data repository of the National Cancer Institute (NCI, USA). Results: Virtual screening and molecular docking results highlighted two compounds targeting both proteins of interest, i.e., verbascoside (acteoside) and apigenin 7,4 \"-bis(trans-p-coumarate), as both had lowest binding energies of less than -10 kcal/mol. Using MST, we then verified that both compounds bound to the target proteins. Verbascoside bound to NLRP3 and NF-kappa B with Kd values of 0.67 f 0.18 mu M and 0.01 f 0.08 mu M, while apigenin 7,4 \"-bis(trans-p-coumarate) had Kd values of 4.60 f 1.66 mu M and 0.27 f 0.75 mu M, respectively. Verbascoside was abundant in the Sideritis extracts, according to LC-HRMS analysis. Since inflammation is strongly related to carcinogenesis, we investigated the anticancer activity of verbascoside in the second part of this study. We investigated the activity of verbascoside in 49 tumor cell lines of the NCI. Comparing its activity with 81 standard anticancer drugs revealed numerous interactions with DNA-damaging agents (alkylators, topoisomerase I/II inhibitors, antimetabolites), indicating that verbascoside may also affect the DNA of tumor cells. We further investigated the involvement of verbascoside in several main drug resistance mechanisms, i.e., ABC transporters, oncogenes, tumor suppressors, cellular proliferation rates, and other parameters. Except for the correlation to the mutational status of NRAS, no other significant relationships were found, indicating that verbascoside is not involved in most of the common drug resistance mechanisms. Two-dimensional cluster analysis-based heatmap generation of a proteomic profile from 40 out of 3171 proteins revealed a significant correlation between the expression of these proteins in 49 tumor cell lines, and the cellular response to verbascoside. This indicates that the presence of these proteins is a determinant for sensitivity or resistance to this natural product. Conclusion: The database established here represents a valuable resource for the screening of bioactivites of the Sideritis genus. The experimental validation of the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of selected compounds proved that virtual drug screening and molecular docking are suitable tools for the identification of putative drug candidates. Verbascoside was among the top 10 compounds binding to two key anti-inflammatory proteins, NLRP3 and NF-kB. Additionally, data from the NCI indicate that verbascoside is not linked to main drug resistance mechanisms.