Pharmaceutical Biology ISSN: 1388-0209 (Print) 1744-5116 (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/iphb20 Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of Stachys guyoniana and Mentha aquatica Maria Ferhat, Ebru Erol, Khadidja Aya Beladjila, Yunus Çetintaş, Mehmet Emin Duru, Mehmet Öztürk, Ahmed Kabouche & Zahia Kabouche To cite this article: Maria Ferhat, Ebru Erol, Khadidja Aya Beladjila, Yunus Çetintaş, Mehmet Emin Duru, Mehmet Öztürk, Ahmed Kabouche & Zahia Kabouche (2017) Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of Stachys guyoniana and Mentha aquatica, Pharmaceutical Biology, 55:1, 324-329, DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1238488 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1238488 © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Published online: 07 Dec 2016. 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Batt. and Mentha aquatica L. are two Algerian Lamiaceae used in folk medicine. Objective: To investigate their antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities. Material and methods: n-Butanol (BESG), ethyl acetate (EESG) and chloroform (CESG) extracts of S. guyoniana and methanol (MEMA) and chloroform (CEMA) aerial part extracts of M. aquatica and metha- nol (MERMA) and acetone (AERMA) roots extracts of M. aquatica were evaluated for their antioxidant activity by the b-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH� and ABTS�þ scavenging, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays. The anticholinesterase activity was tested against AChE and BChE. The antibacterial activity was assessed by MICs determination against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella heidelberg, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes and Morganella morganii strains. Results: In the b-carotene test, the CESG (IC50: 2.3 ± 1.27lg/mL) exhibited the highest activity. The BESG was the best scavenger of DPPH� (IC50: 2.91 ± 0.14lg/mL). In the ABTS test, AERMA was the most active (IC50: 4.21 ± 0.28lg/mL). However, with the CUPRAC, the BESG exhibited the best activity (A0.50: 0.15 ± 0.05lg/mL) and was active in metal chelating assay with 48% inhibition at 100lg/mL. The BESG was the best AChE inhibitor (IC50: 5.78 ± 0.01lg/mL) however, the AERMA showed the highest BChE inhibitory activity (IC50: 19.23±1.42lg/mL). The tested extracts exhibited a good antibacterial activity. Conclusion: This study demonstrated good antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial potential of S. guyoniana and M. aquatica, which fits in well with their use in folk medicine. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 27 May 2016 Accepted 30 August 2016 Revised 20 August 2016 KEYWORDS DPPH; ABTSþ; b-carotene/ linoleic acid; CUPRAC; metal chelating; cholinesterase inhibitory activity; agar dilution Introduction Stachys (Lamiaceae) is a large genus that includes between 275 and 300 species (Bhattacharjee 1980; Mabberley 1997). This genus is mainly distributed in subtropical and tropical regions of both hemispheres (Piozzi et al. 2002). In Algeria, it is represented by 14 species including the endemic species Stachys guyoniana No€e ex. Batt. (Quezel & Santa 1963). Some Stachys species are used in folk medicine to treat genital tumours, sclerosis of the spleen, inflammatory diseases, cough and ulcers (Zargari 1990), fevers, diarrhoea, sore mouth and throat, internal bleeding and weaknesses of the liver and heart (Conforti et al. 2009). In phytotherapy, tea made from the whole plant or leaves is used for its sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic and emmenagogue activity (Lewis & Elvin-Lewis 1977; Duke 1986). Extracts obtained from the aerial parts of S. schtschegleevii Sosn. ex Grossh have been used traditionally in North West of Iran for the treatment of infective, asthma, rheumatics and other inflammatory disorders (Mozaffarian 1982). Stachys species are reported to have many pharmacological activities including anti- inflammatory (Khanavi et al. 2005), anti-anxiety (Rabbani et al. 2003), antibacterial (Grujic-Jovanovic et al. 2004), anti-nephritic (Hayashi et al. 1994), anticancer (Amirghofran et al. 2006), anti- Helicobacter (Stamatis et al. 2003), antioxidant (Aydin et al. 2006) and cytotoxic effects (Haznagy-Radnai et al. 2008). In addition, many Stachys species are used in the preparation of food such as yoghurt or jelly to improve the taste and as flavours and seasoning (De Vincenci et al. 1997; Conforti et al. 2009). Decoctions or infusions of Stachys are applied as tonics to treat skin or taken internally for stomach disorders (€Ozt€urk et al. 2009). The flavonoids are the most important secondary metabo- lites of reported Stachys (Karioti et al. 2011; Skaltsa et al. 2007). From reported works, plants of the genus Stachys may be consid- ered as good sources of natural antioxidant for medicinal uses against aging and other diseases related to radical mechanisms (Tundis et al. 2014). Flavonoids, iridoids, fatty acids and phenolic acids have been identified as the main classes of secondary metabolites of species from this genus (Duru et al. 1999). The occurrence and the biological properties of diterpenoids from roots and aerial parts of the species of the genus Stachys was pre- viously reviewed (Piozzi & Bruno 2011). Mentha genus (Lamiaceae) includes approximately 30 species, plants of this genus are perennial and native to Europe, culti- vated in the USA, Canada, Europe, Asia, Australia and South America (McKay & Blumberg 2006; Deschamps et al. 2008). Mint is valued for its multipurpose uses in the field of pharma- ceuticals, cosmetics as well as for flavouring foods, beverages and tobacco (Coruh et al. 2007). The peppermint has many properties CONTACT Zahia Kabouche zahiakabouche@gmail.com D�epartement de chimie, Laboratoire d’Obtention de Substances Th�erapeutiques (LOST), Universit�e des fr�eres Mentouri-Constantine, Constantine, Algeria � 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. VOL. 55, NO. 1, 324–329 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2016.1238488 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY, 2017 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ such as antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, mildly anaes- thetic, antispasmodic, antiulcer, cytoprotective and hepatoprotec- tive (Shah & Mello 2004). The dried leaves of Mentha aquatica together with those of Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) are burned and the smoke inhaled by the Venda people of South Africa to treat mental illnesses (Arnold & Gulumian1984) and as a remedy against colds, respiratory problems and to protect against removal of “curses” and “evil spirits” (Pooley 2005). Many scientists have focused on medicinal and edible plants to discover natural antioxidants to avoid toxic effects of synthetic antioxidants. The use of antioxidants may reduce the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and minimize neuronal degeneration (Atta-ur-Rahman & Choudhary 2001). Thus, the development and utilization of more effective antioxidants of natural origins as anticholinesterase compounds are desired (G€ulsen et al. 2010). AD is frequently seen among elderly people all around the world. Some synthetic acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as tacrine and donepezil have been used for the treatment of AD but they have several adverse effects (Mukherjee et al. 2007). The present study deals with the antioxidant activity by using ABTS �þ scavenging, DPPH�, CUPRAC assays, b-carotene, fer- rous-ions chelating and anticholinesterase and antibacterial activ- ities of the Algerian species S. guyoniana and M. aquatica which are investigated here, for the first time. Materials and methods Chemicals and instruments A 96-well microplate reader, SpectraMax 340PC384, Molecular Devices (Sunnyvale, CA) was used for the antioxidant and anti- cholinesterase activities. Software PRO v5.2 (Sunnyvale, CA) was used to calculate the measurements. The absorbance was meas- ured on a Thermo scientific 300-UV Spectrophotometer (Waltham, MA). The chemicals were obtained by Sigma-Aldrich GmbH, Sternheim, Germany. Plant material The aerial parts of S. guyoniana and the whole parts of M. aqua- tica were collected in May 2012 at Constantine (North Eastern Algerian) and identified by Professor G�erard De B�elair, Faculty of Sciences University of Annaba, Algeria. Voucher specimen were deposited at the Herbarium of the Laboratory of Therapeutic Substances (LOST), University of Constantine (LOST Sg.05.12, LOST Ma.05.12, respectively). Preparation of crude extracts Air-dried and powdered aerial parts of S. guyoniana (400 g) were macerated at room temperature in a methanol solution (70%). The extract was concentred under low pressure, diluted and fil- tered to remove chlorophyll, then successively extracted with pet- roleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-BuOH. The evaporation of solvents in vacuum led to the respective dried extracts: PESG (0.3 g), CESG (1 g), EESG (2.8 g) and BESG (40 g). Air-dried and powdered aerial parts of M. aquatica (200 g) were macerated separately with CHCl3, MeOH/CHCl3 (1:1) and MeOH during three days. Filtration and evaporation of solvents led to three respective dry extracts, CEMA (7 g), MCEMA (5.2 g) and MEMA (4.3 g). The roots of M. aquatica (100 g) were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with acetone. The evaporation of the solvent under vacuum led to the AERMA extract (1.3 g). The plant resi- due was dried and further extracted with 70% MeOH at room temperature. The residue was filtrated and the methanol was evaporated in vacuum affording the MERMA extract (5 g). Antioxidant activity DPPH free radical scavenging assay The free radical-scavenging activity of the extracts was deter- mined by the DPPH� assay (Blois 1958). In its radical form, DPPH absorbs at 517 nm, but upon reduction by an antioxidant or a radical species its absorbance decreases. Briefly, a 0.1mM solution of DPPH� in methanol was prepared and 4mL of this solution was added to 1mL of sample solutions in methanol at different concentrations. Thirty minutes later, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm. Lower absorbance of the reaction mixture indicated higher free radical-scavenging activity. BHA and a-toc- opherol were used as antioxidant standards to compare the activ- ity. The results are given as 50% inhibition concentration in lg/mL (IC50). DPPH� scavenging effect %ð Þ ¼ AControl � ASample AControl �100 where AControl is the initial concentration of the DPPH� and ASample is the absorbance of the remaining concentration of DPPH� in the presence of the extract and positive control. BHT and a-tocopherol were used as antioxidant standards, for com- parison of the activity. b-Carotene/linoleic acid assay The antioxidant activity of the samples was evaluated using the b-carotene-linoleic acid test system (Miller 1971). b-Carotene (0.5mg) in 1mL of chloroform was added to 25 lL of linoleic acid and 200mg of Tween 40 emulsifier mixture. After evaporation of chloroform in vacuum, 100mL of distilled water saturated with oxygen, were added by vigorous shaking. Aliquots of 4mL of this mixture were transferred to different test tubes containing differ- ent concentrations of the sample. As soon as the emulsion was added to each tube, the zero time absorbance was measured at 470 nm using spectrophotometer. The emulsion system was incu- bated for 2 h at 50 �C. Ethanol was used as a control while BHA and a-tocopherol were used as antioxidant standards. The results were given as IC50 and were calculated from the graph of antioxi- dant activity percentage against sample concentration. The bleaching rate (R) of b-carotene was calculated according to the following equation: R ¼ ln a=b t where ln is natural log, a is absorbance at time zero, b is absorb- ance at time t (120min). The antioxidant activity was calculated in terms of percent inhibition relative to the control, using the following equation: Antioxidant activity %ð Þ ¼ RControl � RSample RControl �100 ABTS cation radical decolorization assay The ABTS�þ scavenging activity was determined according to the method of Re et al. (1999). The ABTS�þwas produced by the PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 325 reaction between 7mM ABTS in water and 2.45mM potassium persulfate, stored in the dark at room temperature for 12 h. Before usage, the ABTS�þ solution was diluted to get an absorb- ance of 0.703 ± 0.025 at 734 nm with ethanol. Ethanol was used as a control, while BHA and a-tocopherol were used as antioxi- dant standards for comparison of the activity. The results were given as IC50. The sample concentration providing 50% ABTS�þ scavenging effect (IC50) was calculated from the graph of ABTS�þ scavenging effect percentage against sample concentra- tion. ABTS�þscavenging effect %ð Þ ¼ AControl � ASample AControl �100 where AControl is the initial concentration of the ABTS�þ and ASample is the absorbance of the remaining concentration of DPPH� in the presence of the extract and positive control. BHT and a-tocopherol were used as antioxidant standards for com- parison of the activity. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) The cupric reducing antioxidant capacity was determined according to the CUPRAC method (Apak et al. 2004). Results were recorded as absorbance compared with the absorbance of BHA and a-tocopherol, which were used as antioxidant standards. Ferrous ions chelating activity The chelating activity of the extracts on Fe2þ was measured using Ferrin (Decker & Welch 1990) with slight modifications. The extracts solution (80 lL dissolved in ethanol in different concen- trations) were added to 40 lL 0.2mM FeCl2. The reaction was initiated by the addition of 80 lL 0.5mM ferene. The mixture was shaken vigorously and left at room temperature for 10min. After the mixture reached equilibrium, the absorbance was meas- ured at 593 nm. The metal chelation activity was calculated using the following equation: Metal chelating activity %ð Þ ¼ AControl � ASample AControl �100 where AControl is the initial concentration devoid of sample and ASample is the absorbance of sample in the presence of the chela- tor. EDTA was used as antioxidant standard for comparison of the activity. Polyphenol content The total polyphenolics was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method by the use of gallic acid as a standard (Singleton et al. 1999). Phytochemical screening Shinoda's test for flavonoids Three pieces of magnesium chips and few drops of concentrated HCl were mixed with 0.5 g of each investigated extract previously dissolved in ethanol. After few minutes, the appearance of pink, orange or red purple coloured scarlet indicated the presence of flavonoids (Trease & Evans 2002). Ferric chloride test for flavonoids Each extract (0.5 g) was boiled with distilled water, then, filtered. Few drops of 10% ferric chloride solution were added to 2mL of the filtrate. A green–blue or violet colouration indicated the pres- ence of flavonoids (Trease & Evans 2002). Test for steroids and triterpenoids (Liebermann–Burchard test) The extract (1mg) which was dissolved in a few drops of chloro- form was mixed to 3mL of acetic anhydride and 3mL of glacial acetic acid. The solution was then warmed, cooled under the tap water and then drops of concentrated sulfuric acid were added slowly. The formation of bluish–green colour indicated the pres- ence of steroids and triterpenes (Sofowora 1993). Determination of anticholinesterase activity Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the extracts were measured, by slightly modifying the spectro- photometric method developed by Ellman et al. (1961). Electric eel AChE and horse serum BChE were used, acetylcholine iodide and butyrylthiocholine chloride were employed as substrates of the reaction. DTNB (5,5-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic)acid) was used for the measurement of the anticholinesterase activity. Hundred and fifty microlitres of 100mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), 10 lL of sample solution, dissolved in ethanol at different concentration and 20 lL of AChE (5.32� 10�3 U) or BChE (6.85� 10�3 U) solution, were mixed and incubated for 15min at 25 �C. Then, 10 lL of 0.5mM DTNB were added. The reaction was then initiated by the addition of 10 lL of acetylcholine iodide (0.71mM) or butyrylthiocholine chloride (0.2mM). The hydroly- ses of these substrates were monitored spectrophotometrically by the formation of the yellow 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoate anion, as the result of the reaction of DTNB with thiocholine, released by the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine iodide or butyrylthiocholine chloride, respectively, at a wavelength of 412 nm, utilizing a 96- wellmicroplate reader. The measurements and calculations were evaluated by using Soft-max PRO v5.2 software. Galantamine was used as a reference standard. The results were recorded as (IC50. The sample concentration, providing 50% enzyme inhib- ition (IC50), was calculated from the graph of enzyme inhibition percentage against sample concentration. Antibacterial activity The extracts were individually tested against a range of bacteria, namely Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Salmonella heidelberg (HS), Klebsiella pneumonia (HS), Enterobacter aero- genes (HS) and Morganella morganii (HS). The reference strains were obtained from the Pasteur Institute (Algiers). The other strains (HS) were obtained from the laboratory of bacteriology, Benbadis Hospital, Constantine, using conventional methods. Susceptibility of the bacterial strains to S. guyoniana and M. aqua- tica extracts was investigated using minimum inhibitory concen- tration (MIC) method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (NCCLS 1997). MICs were determined using agar dilution method at different concentrations of the tested extracts, included in Mueller–Hinton (MH) agar plates. The extracts were dissolved in ethanol to a final concentration of 512 lg/mL. This was serially diluted twofold with MH medium to obtain concentration of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 lg/mL. 326 M. FERHAT ET AL. The essays were performed in triplicate and the results were expressed as their average. Ampicillin was used as a positive refer- ence standard. Statistical analyses All data on both antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity tests were the average of triplicate analyses. The data were recorded as mean ± standard error meaning (SEM.). Significant differences between means were determined by Student’s t-test, p values <0.05 were regarded as significant. Results and discussion Antioxidant properties There are several methods for determining the antioxidant activ- ity. In this study, antioxidant properties of n-butanol, ethyl acet- ate and chloroform extracts of S. guyoniana (BESG, EESG, CESG, respectively) and M. aquatica methanol and chloroform extracts from the aerial parts (MEMA, CEMA, respectively) and the methanol and acetone extracts from the roots of M. aquatica (MERMA, AERMA) were determined by five complementary tests, namely, the b-carotene-linoleic acid assay for lipid peroxi- dation activity, DPPH�, ABTS�þ assays for radical-scavenging activity and CUPRAC and metal chelating methods. The results, except for CUPRAC assay, were recorded as IC50. As shown in Table 1, the antioxidant activity of tested extracts was compared with those of standards (a-tocopherol, BHA and EDTA). As known, the b-carotene bleaching method reveals the level of inhibition of lipid peroxidation. In this assay, S. guyoniana extracts (EESG and CESG) were more active than M. aquatica extracts (CEMA) but the most polar extracts of both plants (BESG, MEMA and MERMA) were not active, the highest activ- ity was exhibited by the CESG (IC50: 2.3 ± 1.27lg/mL) followed by the EESG (IC50: 3.15 ± 0.75 lg/mL). In DPPH� assay, M. aqua- tica extracts were all inactive nevertheless, S. gutoniana exhibited an excellent activity where the BESG and EESG (IC50: 2.91 ± 0.14 and IC50: 5.53 ± 1.02lg/mL, respectively) showed a higher activ- ity than the standard a-tocopherol (IC50: 7.31 ± 0.17lg/mL). The less active extract, the CESG (IC50: 35.76 ± 1.06lg/mL), was bet- ter than the standard BHA (IC50: 45.37 ± 0.47lg/mL). In the ABTS assay, M. aquatica was more active than S. guyoniana where AERMA was the most active (IC50: 4.21 ± 0.28 lg/mL) closely to the standard a-tocopherol (IC50: 4.31 ± 0.10lg/mL), followed by the CEMA (IC50: 5.38 ± 0.14lg/mL) whereas the best activity of S. guyoniana was exhibited by the CESG (IC50: 7.29 ± 0.23 lg/mL). However, in the CUPRAC assay, the BESG and the MERMA exhibited the best activity (A0.50: 0.15 ± 0.05 lg/mL and A0.50: 0.49 ± 0.04 lg/mL) which was higher than the standards, a-tocopherol (A0.50: 0.54 ± 0.01lg/mL) and BHA (A0.50: 1.41 ± 0.7 lg/mL). Differently to the other assays, only the BESG was active in metal chelating assay with 48% inhibition at the concentration of 100lg/mL, which is half lower than the inhibition exhibited by EDTA ferrous ions (96.5%), used as a standard. The EESG was not active despite its richness with polyphenols as well as the BESG (Table 2) which may sug- gest that the chelation depends on the nature of the flavonoids which are different in these extracts. S. guyoniana polar extracts BESG (354.91 ± 1.70mg/g) and EESG (300.50 ± 0.90mg/g) were found to be the highest polyphenol content which may be responsible for their highest DPPH scavenging effect contrarily to M. aquatica extracts (MEMA: 58.05 ± 2.20mg/g and MERMA: 45.77 ± 0.80mg/g), which were very less rich in polyphenols (Table 2). In addition to the total polyphenolic-content deter- mined by Folin–Ciocalteu method, the phytochemical screening of all extracts, for their flavonoids and triterpenes content, were achieved according to the Shinoda and ferric chloride tests and Liebermann–Burchard test, respectively. The results showed that M. aquatica extracts are rich in steroids and triterpenoids which may explain their good activity in ABTS and CUPRAC assays (Table 3). From these phytochemical screening results, the rich- ness of the CESG with steroids and triterpenoids may also be responsible for its highest ABTS scavenging effect than the BESG and the EESG. Table 1. Antioxidant activity of S. guyoniana and M. aquatica polar extracts by the b-carotene–linoleic acid, DPPH�, ABTS�þ, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays.a Plant Extract b-carotene-linoleic acid assay DPPH� assay IC50 (lg/mL) ABTS�þ assay CUPRAC assay A0.50 (lg/mL) Metal chelating assay % of inhibition at 100 lg/mL Stachys guyoniana aerial parts BESG NA 2.91 ± 0.14 29.08 ± 1.29 0.15 ± 0.05 48.00 ± 1.71 EESG 3.15 ± 0.75 5.53 ± 1.02 21.57 ± 1.43 2.28 ± 0.01 NA CESG 2.30 ± 1.27 35.76 ± 1.06 7.29 ± 0.23 3.85 ± 0.20 NA M. aquatica aerial parts MEMA NAb NA 68.99 ± 0.15 NA CEMA 8.69 ± 0.7 NA 5.38 ± 0.14 NA NA M. aquatica roots MERMA NA NA 51.07 ± 0.85 0.49 ± 0.04 NA AERMA 9.28 ± 0.32 NA 4.21 ± 0.28 NA Standardsc a-Tocopherol 2.10 ± 0.08 7.31 ± 0.17 4.31 ± 0.10 0.54 ± 0.01 BHA 1.34 ± 0.04 45.37 ± 0.47 4.10 ± 0.06 1.41 ± 0.7 EDTA 96.5 ± 1.4 aIC50 values represent the means ± SEM of three parallel measurements (p< 0.05). bNot active. cReference compounds: BHA: butylated hydroxyl anisole; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Table 2. Total polyphenolic content of S. guyoniana and M. aquatica polar extracts. Plant species Extract Total phenolic content (mg/g)a S. guyoniana aerial parts BESG 354.91 ± 1.70 EESG 300.50 ± 0.90 M. aquatica aerial parts MEMA 58.05 ± 2.20 M. aquatica roots MERMA 45.77 ± 0.80 amg/g gallic acid equivalent. Table 3. Phytochemical screening of S. guyoniana and M. aquatica extracts. Extract Flavonoids Shinoda and ferric chloride tests Steroids and triterpenoids Liebermann–Burchard test BESG þþ þ EESG þþ þ CESG þþ MEMA þþ CEMA þþ MERMA þþ AERMA þþ PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 327 Anticholinesterase activity As shown in Table 4, only the BESG and the AERMA exhibited an AChE inhibitory activity. The BESG activity (IC50: 5.78 ± 0.01lg/mL) was a little less active than galantamine (IC50: 5.01 ± 0.10lg/mL), used as a standard drug against AD. However, the AERMA, the CEMA and the BESG inhibited the BChE (IC50: 19.23 ± 1.42lg/mL, IC50: 20.7 ± 2.11 lg/mL, IC50: 39.1 ± 1.41lg/mL, respectively), better than the standard (IC50: 53.90 ± 0.56lg/mL). It’s noteworthy that M. aquatica extracts (AERMA and CEMA), which are rich in steroids and triterpe- noids, were the highest BChE inhibitors while the BESG, which is rich with polyphenols, was the best AChE inhibitor which demonstrates that the inhibition mechanisms of the two enzymes are different. Previously, Gholamhoseinian et al. (2009) reported that S. inflate Benth. and S. lavandulifolia Vahl. could be used in the treatment of AD. The hexane extract of S. lavandulifolia showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 13.7lg/mL while the dichloromethane extract was the most active against BChE (IC50 value of 143.9lg/mL) (Tundis et al. 2015). Previous works reported that essential oils and extracts, rich in terpenes, exhibited a strong AChE and BChE inhibitory activity (Tundis et al. 2015). Antibacterial activity Table 5 shows the MICs which were performed by the serial dilution method (Agar method). Ampicillin was used as a posi- tive control in these tests. The highest antibacterial activity of the BESG was observed against S. aureus ATCC 43300 and E. aero- genes (HS) with 32 ± 0.90lg/mL and 32 ± 0.70lg/mL MICs, respectively, whereas E. coli ATCC 25922 was the most inhibited strain by the CESG with 64 ± 0.60 lg/mL MIC value. However, the MEMA exhibited the best antibacterial activity (64 ± 1.40lg/mL) against M. morganii (HS) whereas S. heidelberg (64 ± 0.70lg/mL) and K. pneumoniae (64 ± 1.00lg/mL) were the most inhibited strains by the MERMA. Conclusion The results presented in this study are the first information on the antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of two species, S. guyoniana and M. aquatica, collected from Constantine-Algeria. The antioxidant potential of various extracts of these plants, by the use of five complementary methods namely, b-carotene-linoleic acid, DPPH� and ABTS�þ scavenging, CUPRAC and metal chelating assays have shown that the polar extracts of S. guyoniana (BESG and EESG) which are rich in pol- yphenols possess the most DPPH antiradical effect while the apo- lar extracts of M. aquatica, which are rich in steroids and triterpenes, exhibited the best activity with ABTS and CUPRAC assays. Only the BESG was active in metal chelating assay which suggests that the mechanism depends on the nature of the flavo- noids content. The less polar extracts of M. aquatica were the highest BChE inhibitors while the BESG was the best AChE inhibitor suggesting different inhibition mechanisms of the two enzymes. The investigated extracts inhibited mildly the growth of tested bacterial strains with MICs ranged between 32 and 128 lg/mL. From our results and reported works, S. guoniana and M. aquatica could be considered as sources of antioxidants and anti- bacterial and may offer a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Disclosure statement The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article. Funding The authors thank the MESRS-Algeria and the Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, Department of Chemistry for financial support. References Amirghofran Z, Bahmani M, Azadmehr A, Javidnia K. 2006. Anticancer effects of various Iranian native medicinal plants on human tumor cell lines. Neoplasma. 53:428–433. Apak R, G€uçl€u K, €Ozy€urek M, Karademir SE. 2004. 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PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 329 Antioxidant, anticholinesterase and antibacterial activities of Stachys guyoniana and Mentha aquatica Introduction Materials and methods Chemicals and instruments Plant material Preparation of crude extracts Antioxidant activity Ferrous ions chelating activity Polyphenol content Phytochemical screening Determination of anticholinesterase activity Antibacterial activity Statistical analyses Results and discussion Antioxidant properties Anticholinesterase activity Antibacterial activity Conclusion mkchap1238488__ack Disclosure statement Funding References << /PreserveCopyPage true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /TransferFunctionInfo /Preserve /GrayImageMinResolution 150 /EncodeColorImages true /AutoFilterGrayImages true /ImageMemory 1048576 /PDFXRegistryName () /EmbedJobOptions true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /ASCII85EncodePages false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /ColorImageResolution 150 /DownsampleMonoImages true /EncodeGrayImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /PreserveDICMYKValues false /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /ParseDSCComments true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /EmbedOpenType false /AntiAliasMonoImages false /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /Quality 15 /TileHeight 256 /TileWidth 256 >> /ColorImageDepth -1 /CreateJDFFile false /PreserveEPSInfo false /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /NeverEmbed [ ] /Optimize true /Description << /DEU /NOR /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents suitable for reliable viewing and printing of business documents. 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